Circular Statistics: Determining if Individual Cloudina are Randomly Oriented based on Measurements of their Growth Direction

Figure 1: Individual Cloudina with growth direction indicated by arrows.

Figure 2: A rose diagram displaying the growth orientation of 193 individual Cloudina. The orange arrows represent the resultant vector.

Six Equations: The first four equations relate to the resultant vector, r. The fifth equation relates to circular variance, V. The sixth equation relates to the circular standard deviation, S.