Europa Illustrations

A) Stress Map from Greenberg et al., 2003. A similar map will be created for specific regions of interest. The red star indicates the location of Astyplacea Linea the location studied in Panel  B) Stress over an orbital period Hoppa et al., 1999. When the stress exceeds the strength of ice, the ice will crack and release seismic energy proportional to the stress released. 

 Possible sources of larger events A) Normal Fault mapped by Nimmo and Schenk 2006. B) Galileo image indicating multiple strike slip faults. C) Panel B but with faults highlighted in white. Arrows indicate the direction of motion. Image Credit: Hoppa et al., 2000. 

Seismicity Estimates for Mars. Estimates are based on impact flux and approximate dates of fault scarps and evidence of mass wasting.  (Panning et al. 2006)

A) Background and Seismic Signals B) Fourier Transform of Signals C) Combined probability of Noise from stacking signals in panel B.  D) Noise Map of 4-8 band from panel C.  Image Credit: McNamara and Buland ,2004

Ray Paths for Crary and PrP phases through the interior of Europa. These waves will be used to determine the ice shell thickness and depth of the subsurface ocean.

Moveout of Crary and Ocean Bottom Reflections. Colors refer to the vertical (Z), Radial (R) and Transverse (T) components of seismograms.  Image Credit: Kedar et al., 2017.